编译|冯维维
Science, 13 November 2025, Volume 390, Issue 6774
《科学》，2025年11月13日，第390卷，6774期
化学Chemistry
Observation of undepleted phosphine in the atmosphere of a low-temperature brown dwarf
在一颗低温褐矮星大气中观测到未耗尽的磷化氢
▲ 作者：ADAM J. BURGASSER, EILEEN C. GONZALES, SAMUEL A. BEILER, CHANNON VISSCHER, BEN BURNINGHAM, GREGORY N. MACE, JACQUELINE K. FAHERTY, ZENGHUA ZHANG, CLARA SOUSA-SILVA, AND CHRISTOPHER A. THEISSEN
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu0401
▲摘要：
预期在低温褐矮星和气态巨行星的大气中会存在磷化氢分子。然而，以往的观测显示，该分子的丰度远低于大气化学模型的预测。研究者报告了利用詹姆斯·布空间望远镜对褐矮星Wolf 1130C大气中磷化氢的光谱观测结果。根据在约4.3微米波长处探测到多条磷化氢造成的吸收谱线，他们计算出磷化氢丰度为0.100 ± 0.009ppm。
该丰度与成功模拟木星和土星中磷化氢丰度的非平衡大气化学模型相符，且远高于此前报道的其他褐矮星或系外行星中的丰度。这种差异可能与Wolf 1130C中氦以外重元素丰度较低有关。
▲ Abstract：
The atmospheres of low-temperature brown dwarfs and gas giant planets are expected to contain the phosphine molecule, PH3. However, previous observations have shown much lower abundances of this molecule than predicted with atmospheric chemistry models. We report JWST spectroscopic observations of phosphine in the atmosphere of the brown dwarf Wolf 1130C. Multiple absorption lines due to phosphine have been detected around 4.3 micrometers, from which we calculated a phosphine abundance of 0.100 ± 0.009 parts per million. This abundance is consistent with disequilibrium atmospheric chemistry models that reproduced the phosphine abundances in Jupiter and Saturn and is much higher than abundances previously reported for other brown dwarfs or exoplanets. This difference may be related to the low abundance of elements heavier than helium in Wolf 1130C.
Electrolytes that reduce electro-osmotic drag improve fast charging of lithium-ion batteries
减少电渗牵引的电解质可改善锂离子电池的快速充电性能
▲ 作者：CHANG-XIN ZHAO4, ZEYI WANG, DAVID JACOBSON, YUE LI, BORIS KHAYKOVICH, SEAN FAYFAR, LEI ZHENG, JACOB LAMANNA, XILIN CHEN , AND CHUNSHENG WANG
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv1739
▲摘要：
快速充电（速率大于4C）对于电动汽车中的高能锂离子电池至关重要，但由于对快充障碍缺乏理解，这仍然是一个挑战。传统的优化策略侧重于通过电极结构修饰来缩短锂离子传输路径，但这常常会牺牲能量密度。
研究者证明了厚电极的快速充电能力受限于多孔电极内的溶剂抽离以及由此产生的电渗牵引极化，该效应由阳离子诱导的电渗牵引驱动。为降低电渗牵引极化，他们设计了具有弱阳离子溶剂化和强阴离子溶剂化特性的电解质。
其中一种二氟化溶剂能弱化锂阳离子的溶剂化作用，而其二氟甲基氢原子则通过氢键增强阴离子的溶剂化作用。这种电解质使得采用厚电极的高能量密度电池能够在13分钟内完成80%的充电。
▲ Abstract：
Fast charging (at rates greater than 4 C) is essential for high-energy lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles yet remains challenging owing to a lack of understanding of fast-charging barriers. Conventional optimization strategies concentrate on shortening lithium-ion transport pathways through electrode structure modification, which often compromises energy densities. In this work, we demonstrate that thick-electrode fast charging is constrained by solvent withdrawal within porous electrodes and the resulting electro-osmotic drag polarization, which is driven by cation-induced electro-osmotic drag. To reduce electro-osmotic drag polarization, we designed electrolytes with weak cation solvation and strong anion solvation, where a difluorinated solvent weakens lithium-cation solvation and its difluoromethyl hydrogen atoms enhance anion solvation through hydrogen bonding. This electrolyte enables thick-electrode, energy-dense batteries to achieve 80% charge within 13 minutes.
生物学Biology
Integrative phylogenomics positions sponges at the root of the animal tree
整合性基因组系统发育学研究将海绵定位在动物树系的根部
▲ 作者：JACOB L. STEENWYK AND NICOLE KING
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw9456
▲摘要：
确定动物树系的根部是海绵还是栉水母，对于理解早期动物演化具有重要意义。研究通过构建庞大且信息丰富的数据矩阵——包含来自海绵、栉水母、刺胞动物、两侧对称动物以及多种动物近亲的序列——来检验这两种竞争性假说所获得的证据支持度。
他们利用新构建的数据矩阵以及10个已发表的数据集，进行785次拓扑结构检验，这些检验采用了整合性系统基因组学方法。该方法将串联法和溯祖法相统一，以识别具有一致系统发育信号的基因。
在所有检验中，490项具有统计学显著性的检验均支持”海绵—姐妹群”假说，没有一项检验支持”栉水母—姐妹群”假说；其余295项检验则无定论。这些结果为”海绵—姐妹群”假说提供了强有力的证据，并表明整合性系统基因组学为解开生命树系中的分支难题提供了一种稳健而强大的方法。
▲ Abstract：
Determining whether sponges or ctenophores root the animal tree has important implications for understanding early animal evolution. Here, we examined support for these competing hypotheses by constructing large and highly informative data matrices containing sequences from sponges, ctenophores, cnidarians, bilaterians, and diverse animal relatives. The new data matrices and 10 published datasets were analyzed in 785 topology tests conducted using integrative phylogenomics, a method that unifies concatenation and coalescence to identify genes with a consistent phylogenetic signal. All 490 statistically significant tests supported the sponge-sister hypothesis and none supported the ctenophore-sister hypothesis; the remaining 295 tests were inconclusive. These results provide compelling evidence for the sponge-sister hypothesis and suggest that integrative phylogenomics provides a robust and powerful approach for disentangling branches in the tree of life.
Metagenomic editing of commensal bacteria in vivo using CRISPR-associated transposases
利用CRISPR相关转座酶对体内共生菌进行宏基因组编辑
▲ 作者：DIEGO RIVERA GELSINGER, CARLOTTA RONDA, JUNJIE MA, OM B. KAR, MADELINE EDWARDS, YIMING HUANG, CHRYSTAL F. MAVROS, YIWEI SUN, TYLER PERDUE, AND HARRIS H. WANG
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx7604
▲摘要：
肠道菌群对健康至关重要，但科学界一直缺乏精准工具来修饰体内特定微生物的基因。演技组合开发了MetaEdit技术，通过移动式CRISPR相关转座酶直接修饰活体动物体内的天然肠道菌群基因组。
该研究实现了三大突破：将新代谢特性植入常见细菌；通过饮食调控这些微生物；成功编辑难培养菌种。通过展示特定细菌功能的可编程性与选择性富集能力，MetaEdit为微生物组研究和靶向特定菌种的治疗策略开启了全新路径。
▲ Abstract：
Gut bacteria play a vital role in health, but scientists have lacked precise tools to genetically modify specific microbes living within the body. Gelsinger et al. developed MetaEdit, a technology using mobile CRISPR-associated transposases to directly modify the genomes of native gut bacteria inside living animals. They inserted new metabolic traits into common bacteria, enabled control of these microbes through diet, and achieved editing of hard-to-culture species. By showing how specific bacterial functions can be programmed and selectively enriched, MetaEdit opens new doors for microbiome research and therapeutic strategies targeting individual bacterial species.
生物物理学Biophysics
Clinically ready magnetic microrobots for targeted therapies
用于靶向治疗的临床就绪型磁性微型机器人
▲ 作者：FABIAN C. LANDERS, LUKAS HERTLE, VITALY PUSTOVALOV, DERICK SIVAKUMARAN, CAGATAY M. ORAL, OLIVER BRINKMANN, KIRSTIN MEINERS, PASCAL THEILER , VALENTIN GANTENBEIN , AND BRADLEY J. NELSON
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx1708
▲摘要：
全身给药常常导致脱靶效应，限制了先进疗法的疗效。靶向给药方法能在疾病部位增加局部药物浓度，同时最大限度地减少全身药物暴露。研究者提出了一种磁性引导的微型机器人药物递送平台，能够在生理条件下进行精确导航。
该平台集成了临床电磁导航系统、定制设计的释放导管和用于精确治疗递送的可溶解胶囊。体外测试显示了在人体血管模型中的精确导航能力，体内实验则证实了在荧光透视下的可跟踪性以及在大型动物模型中成功导航。
该微型机器人平衡了磁性材料浓度、造影剂负载和治疗药物容量，为精确靶向药物递送提供了一个有前景的解决方案。
▲ Abstract：
Systemic drug administration often causes off-target effects, limiting the efficacy of advanced therapies. Targeted drug delivery approaches increase local drug concentrations at the diseased site while minimizing systemic drug exposure. We present a magnetically guided microrobotic drug delivery platform capable of precise navigation under physiological conditions. This platform integrates a clinical electromagnetic navigation system, a custom-designed release catheter, and a dissolvable capsule for accurate therapeutic delivery. In vitro tests showed precise navigation in human vasculature models, and in vivo experiments confirmed tracking under fluoroscopy and successful navigation in large animal models. The microrobot balances magnetic material concentration, contrast agent loading, and therapeutic drug capacity, offering a promising solution for precise targeted drug delivery.
考古学Paleontology
Earliest oceanic tetrapod ecosystem reveals rapid complexification of Triassic marine communities
最古老海洋四足动物生态系统揭示三叠纪海洋群落的快速复杂化进程
▲ 作者：AUBREY J. ROBERTS, MACIEJ RUCINSKI, BENJAMIN P. KEAR, ?YVIND HAMMER, VICTORIA S. ENGELSCHI?N, THOMAS HOLM SCHARLING, RUDI B. LARSEN, AND J?RN H. HURUM
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx7390
▲摘要：
四足动物在灾难性的二叠纪末大灭绝（EPME）后侵入海洋环境，从离片椎类两栖动物到以爬行动物为主的生物组合在早三叠世（约2.519亿至2.472亿年前）相继更替。然而，相互矛盾的化石记录、分化时间估算和地层年代平均化使得这一里程碑式演化转变的具体进程始终难以确定。
研究通过描述斯匹次卑尔根北极岛上一处中早三叠世（斯帕斯亚期早期，约2.49亿年前）的浓缩骨骼层，揭示了一个完整的海洋四足动物生态系统。该生态系统包含：顶级捕食者鱼龙类、小型鱼龙类、食硬壳动物的鱼龙形类、半水生主龙型类、广盐性离片椎类、空棘鱼、肺鱼、辐鳍鱼类和鲨鱼，共同构成了出人意料的复杂营养网络。
比较多样性分析进一步表明，异质化海洋脊椎动物群落在三叠纪最早期（迪纳尔期—史密斯期，约2.51亿年前）已完全形成，并在二叠纪末大灭绝后约300万年内整合出完全多样化的四足动物生态位。
▲ Abstract：
Tetrapods invaded oceanic environments after the cataclysmic end-Permian mass extinction (EPME), with temnospondyl amphibian to reptile-dominated assemblages succeeding across the Early Triassic [~251.9 to 247.2 million years ago (Ma)]. However, conflicting fossil occurrences, divergence estimates, and stratigraphic time averaging make the tempo of this landmark evolutionary transition uncertain. In this work, we describe an oceanic tetrapod ecosystem from a condensed mid–Early Triassic (early Spathian, ~249 Ma) bone bed on the arctic island of Spitsbergen. Apex predator ichthyosaurians, small-bodied ichthyopterygians, durophagous ichthyosauriforms, semiaquatic archosauromorphs, euryhaline temnospondyls, coelacanths, lungfish, ray-finned fish, and sharks formed an unexpectedly complex trophic network. Comparative diversity analyses further show that heterogeneous marine vertebrate communities were well established by the late-earliest Triassic (Dienerian-Smithian, ~251 Ma) and integrated fully variegate tetrapod niches by ~3 million years after the EPME.
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